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Highlights from the Johannesburg Summer School

This year’s summer school took place at the History Workshop, University of Witwatersrand, one of the oldest and most reputed research centres on social history in the African continent. In the following text, we share a glimpse of the days we spent in Johannesburg—our visits, discussions, and encounters that made this experience so rich.

Day 1

The Women at Work team (Domenico Cristofaro, Juliet Tiwaah Gyabeng, Daniel Worku Kebede, Adèle Hasnaoui, Anne Hugon, Karin Pallaver, Barbara Wabuyele, and Elena Vezzadini) was joined by a delegation from Standford University, including Rachel Jean-Baptiste (who has generously co-sponsored the summer school) along with Lucy Stark and Ayana Omilade Flewellen; the group included as well Mariam Sharif, from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. The programme was created by Noor Nieftagodien, chair in Local Histories and Present Realities at Witts, with the helpful assistance of Nonkululeko Smara Botile.

On the first day, we started the programme at the History Workshop, Faculty of Humanities, where Noor Nieftagodien, Arianna Lissoni, and Ali Hlongwane introduced us to the origins of this pioneering research centre. In the morning, we heard about the history of the History Workshops and some of its most important initiatives in people’s/public history. Noor gave us a comprehensive presentation about this historical centre (available here). You can hear his presentation here. Arianna Lissoni introduced to us her own research, but also the history and development of the SAHA—South African Historical Archive—a crucial archive of the Apartheid struggle, of which she is the coordinator. Finally, Ali Hlongwane, historian, founder and curator of the Hector Pieterson Memorial in Soweto, introduced to us to its history and to his participation in its collective creation.

That afternoon we stepped in the Origins Centre, exploring South Africa’s prehistory and the story of the first humans who once lived here. We debated about the section the San “original inhabitants” of South Africa, and the red line that the museum creates between the origins of the humankind and the history of the San people, which was at stride with the decolonial epistemologies we were grappling with the whole day. We nevertheless thank the truly enthusiastic guide who showed us around.

Our guide at the Origins Centre showing us reproductions of hominid skulls.

Day 2

The following day took us to Soweto, and it was a day that left no one untouched, thanks to Ali Hlongwane who was our guide. We first visited the Funda Centre, a community arts centre founded in 1984 to provide theatre, music and visual arts training to black South African youth—challenging the dominant educational and cultural forms of the apartheid era. Although funding constraints today limit its range, the centre retains a symbolic role in the arts and community education. Then we moved to the Hector Pieterson Memorial, where we were confronted with the weight of the 1976 student uprising and massacre. This incredibly detailed memorial includes an extraordinary collection of documents, pictures, interviews, sounds, objects, texts carrying the memories of witnesses of the Soweto uprising, all accompanied by thorough descriptions reflecting the complexity of the events and the multiplicity of actors. A powerful example of public history, the visit showed how a museum can be the expression of a struggle and the people who carried it. The museum does not give voice only to one dominant vision but allows for contradictions and a multiplicity of points of view, while being very rigorous in terms of historical research. When we left the museum, we met Antoinette Sithole, Hector’s sister, who appears in the famous photograph of that day by Sam Nzima. This encounter was both humbling and unforgettable.

The summer school team with Antoinette Sithole.

From there, we moved to the Women’s Jail at Constitution Hill , one of the oldest prisons in South Africa. It opened in 1910, held countless women (ordinary citizens and leading political activists alike) under brutal, inhumane and humiliating conditions. Overcrowded cells, solitary confinement, and inhumane treatment were the rule. The site includes a number of objects, from sanitary pads to toilet buckets, giving evidence of the everyday violence of the place. It also carries a number of interviews with political leaders imprisoned there, but it also recounts the stories of women being imprisoned simply for not having passes or for brewing beer. Today, its preserved walls are a powerful reminder of the brutality of apartheid.

An example of a sanitary pads used by the women jailed. They were not supplied with panties or sanitary pads until after the 1976 Soweto Uprising as a form of humiliation.
One of the solitary confinement cells, with a bucket.

Day 3

Back on campus, on the following day the PhD candidates of the summer school had the chance to sit down with PhD students from Wits and exchanged insights from their own research. The students discussed methodologies, approaches and research questions and presented a part of their empirical material. These conversations were as enriching as the formal seminars that followed in the afternoon, given by Anne Hugon and Rachel Jean-Baptiste. The first presentation was on the social history of the nursing profession in colonial Ghana, while the second was on inter-racial couples in colonial French Africa. For more information see here and here.

Anne Hugon during her presentation

We ended the day at the Wits Art Museum, where two exhibitions stood out: 2020 Through the Eye of a Needle: Remembering the Covid-19 Pandemic in 2025 and Serge Alain Nitegeka: Black Subjects. Both challenged us to think about art, memory, and the politics of representation in new ways. Later that evening, some of us attended the screening of a documentary exposing the degrading and inhumane working conditions in South African vineyards—a stark reminder of how the legacies of inequality continue to shape everyday life. You can watch the trailer here.


Day 4

On September 4, it was time to have a closer look at historical sources. At the South African History Archives and the Historical Papers Research Archive at Wits, Arianna Lissoni and Gabriele Mohale walked us through the history of these collections and their vital role in preserving South Africa’s past. The South African Historical Archive is a public archive, originally situated in an independent location outside Witts, but then relocated there few years ago. It was created by anti-apartheid activists, and its collections are crucial in the struggle for redressing the crimes of the apartheids (see in particular the Freedom of Information programme). It also holds an important dimension of public history: several of its publications targets schools and communities, to raise awareness about the how past struggles are a heritage to be defended as well as being tools and visions for those of the present day.

The team with Arianna Lissoni examining part of the contents of the South African History Archive.

Of particular mention is the collection of T-shirts of the struggle, records and posters, which cast light on the importance of popular culture in the political struggle. In the example below, we see the t-shirt of Matthew Goniwe, who was kidnapped and then brutally murdered by the police in 1985 with other three activists.

A t-shirt with a print of Matthew Goniwe in the South African History Archive.
Vinyl of the compilation “Remember Soweto 76-86

 

Similarly, the Historical Papers Research Archive is an old and large archive of South Africa’s struggles, actually keeping hundreds of thousands of documents from more than 3400 collections. Gabriele Mohale, the archivist, also took the time to show us and describe several moving documents from the apartheid time, such as the picture of Kas Maine, recounted in the exceptional work of Charles von Onselen, or the journal Learn and Teach, which aimed at adult education, while having a very progressive and anti-apartheid agenda; but also the work of Ernest Cole and the making of the documentary about him (Ernest Cole, Lost and Found, by Raoul Peck, 2024), anti-apartheid choirs, and so on.

A photograph from the archive representing Kas Maine
A copy of the journal Learn and Tech from 1982 preserved at the Historical Papers Research Archives.
An insightful reminder at the Historical Papers Research Archive.
Gabriele Mohale explaining the contents of the Historical Papers Research Archive.

After this intense morning, the day continued at the Apartheid Museum, where we spent several hours which nevertheless were not enough. This internationally renowned institution traces the rise and fall of apartheid through a rich and detailed documentation, including photographs, films, testimonies, and immersive displays. Its architecture and exhibition design take visitors on an emotional journey, making it one of the most important sites of memory in the country. It was a strong experience for all the participants to walk through the exhibition, organised chronologically decade after decade, following the trial of violence but also that, very important, of resistance in all its forms.

The outside entrance of the Apartheid Museum.
The first corridor of the Apartheid Museum, non-white section.

Day 5

The next day, we were back at Wits for new presentations. Liesl Orr, trade union activist, presented a wonderful project of inter-generational archive preservation of female trade union activists; this was followed by the talk of Karabo-Maya Rodwell & Unjinee Poonan respectively the first a researcher on female activism in the Pan Africanist Congress and the second an activist, witness and former political prisoner member of the Black Consciousness movement. In a presentation that left no one unmoved, they discussed inequality, Black Consciousness in South Africa, brutality, repression, resistance and the role of women in political action under apartheid, as well as the gender-specific risks of political participation.

In the afternoon, we took the time to reflect on the summer school with the WomatWork team, our hosts Noor and Ali, and Annael Le Poullennec, the director of IFAS, who had offered us practical advice and shared suggestions for scientific and cultural events in Joburg throughout our stay. That evening, as if to balance the intensity of the day, we gathered at the Afrikan Freedom Station for a jazz concert. Listening to the Umuthiomkhulu Ensemble’s experimental sounds was the perfect way to end the night.


Day 6

Our final day, September 6, was spent exploring Johannesburg itself. Noor guided us through the city, while our driver, Abraham, navigated us through its many neighbourhoods. We first followed Louis Botha Avenue, the historic road linking Alexandra township to the city centre, passing through neighbourhoods shaped by Jewish, Italian, and West African immigration. From the heights of Upper Houghton, we glimpsed the exclusive suburbs where wealthy white residents historically settled—close to the city centre, yet deliberately separated from the Black populations below. We then stopped in Mayfair, a southern Joburg neighbourhood home to large Indian and Muslim communities, to explore a market. Heading north, we passed areas marked by extreme poverty, before reaching the gentrified and trendy neighbourhood of Greenside, then ending our tour in Sandton, the city’s financial hub, famously dubbed “Africa’s Richest Square Mile”—a striking symbol of the city’s extreme social and economic inequalities. Seeing Johannesburg through Noor’s eyes—its layered history, extreme inequalities, struggles and resilience—gave an additional spatial dimension to the discussions we had during the whole week.

Thanks to Anne Hugon, some of us also had the opportunity to visit the exhibition Junkyard Dogs, featuring works by Pitika Ntuli and Willie Bester. The show brought together sculpture and assemblage art created from scrap metal, bones, and found objects, addressing themes of apartheid violence, social inequality, and resilience. Both artists are known for transforming discarded materials into powerful political statements, and the exhibition was a striking reminder of how art can both preserve memory and challenge injustice.

A representation of Nelson Mandela at the Junkyard Dogs exhibition.

Pitika Ntuli describing one of his sculptures.

The visit concluded six days filled with emotions, discoveries, conversations, and unforgettable encounters, reminding us how struggles bound together the past and the present. Many of us left Johannesburg inspired by the way South African historians use history to question inequalities and give voice to ordinary people’s experiences. The week also offered a powerful lesson on how issues of class, race, and gender intersect—pushing us to think more critically about the narratives we build and the histories we tell.

A special, heartfelt thank to the driver, who brough us around everywhere in Joburg. Thank you Abraham!

The team with Abraham.

Highlights from the Addis Ababa Summer School

The Summer School held from October 7 to 15 at the Centre français d’études éthiopiennes in Addis Ababa gathered students and scholars for an enriching exchange on African history. We would like to extend our deepest thanks to the Centre for its hospitality and support in making this event possible. Nine selected students from African universities had the unique opportunity to engage with professors and researchers in discussions, sharing critical perspectives, enhancing their understanding, and advancing their research ideas and skills.

Some of the students during the coffee break

The first days of the Summer School featured interactive lectures on topics central to African history and the project Women at work. Pierre Guidi launched the Summer school with a session on oral and social history, followed by Elena Vezzadini, who explored in her lesson different ways to approach colonial sources and deal with subaltern studies. On day two, Anne Hugon and Tirsit Sahledengle led an insightful day-lecture on Gender in History and Social Sciences, discussing the evolving definitions of gender within literature and in history. Day three included a compelling session on Economic and Labor History, presented by Elena Vezzadini and Karin Pallaver, who examined the role of women in African economies and the reliability of colonial censuses.

The fourth day focused on practical skills, with a “mutual aid” workshop led by Domenico Cristofaro. The workshop covered essential topics for PhD students: surviving the doctoral journey, crafting an effective academic presentation, and navigating the publication process. In this session everyone  shared tips and insights to improve research outcomes.

Lloyd Melusi Maphosa conducted the final day, providing participants with hands-on training in Quantitative Methodology in History. This interactive session not only enhanced participants’ knowledge but also offered new methodological tools to support their ongoing research projects.

Beyond the lectures, participants had the chance to explore Addis Ababa’s rich culture and history. From relaxing to Ethio jazz at the African Jazz Village and learning about injera-making on the Intoto hills to visiting the Ethnographic Museum, the stunning St. George’s Cathedral, Haile Selassie’s Palace, and the university, everyone experienced the heart of Addis. Local culinary experiences also left a lasting impression, offering a delicious introduction to the best Ethiopian cuisine.

Our guide Sisay explaining the history of St. George Church

The final two days were dedicated to a mock conference in which each student presented their researches on topics relevant to the project (see the full programme of the conference here). These sessions were more than presentations—they were lively discussions and critiques, enabling all participants to gain fresh insights and refine their research focus.

A presentation during the mock conference

This intense, fruitful week brought students, researchers, and professors together in a meaningful learning experience, building networks and fostering a commitment to advancing research in African history. We hope that the connections made, and knowledge shared during this Summer School will inspire continued collaboration and research into the history of female professions in Africa.

Thank you to all participants!

New videos out!!! Photography as a source for social history workshop

We are excited to announce that the videos from our workshop, Photography as a Source for Social History, are now available on our YouTube channel!

In this workshop, we explored the role of photographs in uncovering and understanding social history, providing fresh perspectives on how images shape historical narratives.

Here the links to the videos:

These sessions are a must-watch for anyone interested in the intersection of photography and history.

You can also listen to the audio of the presentations here.

New workshop approaching: Photography as a source for social history

We’re thrilled to announce the launch of our newest workshop, focusing on the intersection between social history and photography as a source.

Photographs undoubtedly serve as sources for understanding social history. Through engaging discussions, interactive sessions, and expert-led presentations, participants will gain a deeper appreciation for the role of images in shaping our understanding of the past.

We will host guests with different disciplinary perspectives who will share their expertise and insights on the subject.

The detailed program can be found here.

Best

Domenico

Announcing the winners of the scholarships for fieldwork and research

We are thrilled to announce the recipients of the scholarships for fieldwork and research on the history of female urban popular professions in Africa (1920-1970) in preparation of our summer school in Addis Ababa!

The selection process was challenging, with so many projects to consider, but we finally made our decisions. We extend our sincere appreciation to all participants for their outstanding proposals, and we hope to continue to collaborate with everyone.

Here’s the list of the winners with the titles of their projects:

  1. Ebrahim Aliyou, Aspect of the history of ‘invisible bridges’ of communities:  spinners, basket makers, embroiders and weeding singers in selected towns of the former Gondar Province, Ethiopia 1930s -1990s
  2. Lydia Amoah, Urban women professionals and their contributions to labour in Ghana. A historical study of Kumasi market women (1920-1970)
  3. Eugenia A. B. Anderson, Mothers of the coast: highlighting the unique roles played by coastal fish mothers
  4. Abibat Ibrahim, A comparative history of hairdressers and beauticians in Ghana 1920 – 1970
  5. Fidelis Kioko, ‘Give me the guitar!’ Kalambya Sisters Band and notions of masculinity in Kamba Benga music in the 1970s
  6. Wambua Muindi, Orality and social history: a study of Kenya’s south asian diaspora female urban popular professions, 1920-1970
  7. Helena Osei-Egyir, Traditional birth attendants and the evolution of a medical profession in Asante, 1930-1970
  8. Mariam Sharif, Midwifery education and practices in Sudan from the 1920s to the 1970s
  9. Katleho Kano Shoro, Mobility and precarity: the work and lives of Basotho creative practitioners in the 1900s
  10. Mahlet Teferawork, Exploring the intersection of women economic empowerment and cultural tradition through the Ethiopian traditional coffee ceremony in the case of Addis Ababa

To our winners: congratulations! And to everyone else who applied: thank you. We’re grateful to have had the opportunity to read about your projects, and we hope we can find other venues for collaboration!

Stay tuned for updates and the development of these exciting research projects!

Best,

Domenico

Female labour history in Ethiopia: Daniel Worku introduces his project

My name is Daniel Worku Kebede. I was born and raised in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Our neighborhood is similar to many underprivileged neighborhoods of Addis Ababa, which are highly inhabited and filled with shanty houses. Despite our diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, our social lives were deeply intertwined. Our livelihood was based on small and informal businesses such as selling local beers and other everyday workings. I grew up in this neighborhood, witnessing people made their best effort to overcome poverty.

In my family, I am the youngest, and as a child, I had the opportunity to learn and spend more time with my older brother. He was an excellent storyteller who used to tell me wonderful tales about Ethiopian kings, battles, and interesting geographical information. Since then, I’ve developed an interest in Ethiopian and world history, and I hope to pursue a formal academic education in the future. When I finished high school, I enrolled in Addis Abeba University and studied history under distinguished teachers, which was the best opportunity of my life. After I graduated in 2010 hired by Arba Minch University as a graduate assistant in History Department. A year later I returned again to Addis Ababa University to pursue my Master’s degree in history. I finished my Master’s thesis with a rarely awarded grade ‘Excellent’ and moved back to Arba Minch University and served as a history lecturer for a decade.

My primary research interests are in social and religious history in general, with a special focus on women’s history that began while I was a Master’s student at Addis Ababa University. My thesis was titled “The Role of Women in Addis Ababa Mainline Evangelical Churches, 1960-2012”; and through my study project, I was able to speak with several women who endured persecution for their beliefs and made sacrifices, only to be rejected by male “chauvinists” later on. This gave me insight into the sacrifices made by women across a range of professions and helped me to truly sympathize with the struggles that women face in all fields.

Women have made significant socio-economic contributions to society, yet their role and history have long been underappreciated. They were marginalized by Ethiopian historiography, which gives better attention to upper class and a few elite women. Ordinary women of Ethiopia do not get the deserved place in historical study. This awareness, gained through my research for my Master thesis, further bolstered my motivation to learn and so came to believe strongly that academics ought to thoroughly and methodically study women’s status and roles. Their history must be told from their vantage point to highlight their experiences, struggle and worldviews mainly based on oral sources.

In the meanwhile, I came across the Women at Work ERC project. My interest is aroused by the project’s theme, which aims on women’s place and function in distinct and different labor patterns as well as the historical changes in the profession along with advancements in politics and technology. This scholarship will allow me to focus on history of women and their urban working conditions. In light of Ethiopia’s historical background, the accessibility of sources, and the significance of the research, my research proposal will focus on potters and weavers as case studies to cast light on women female urban informal workers.

In metropolitan regions, one of the most ignored and undervalued sectors where a large number of women works is the informal business sector. Growing up in impoverished circumstances, I was exposed to street vendors, beer vendors, weavers, potters, and other everyday workers who showed unwavering resilience in the face of adversity. Weavers and potters were among the urban workers who experienced social marginalization in the past, despite their significant socio-economic contributions to society. Their tenacity and the methods they employ to live and prosper motivated me. This early encounter has since inspired me to pursue full-fledged research.

My motivation for this PhD thesis is to investigate the involvement of urban women in the informal economy, specifically concentrating on potters and weavers. The study spans from the foundation of Addis Ababa in 1886 to the downfall of the Derg regime in 1991. The long chronological framework aims to illuminate the evolution, change, and continuity of women’s urban working lives from the early stages of urbanization to the imperial and socialist regimes. The study intends to adopt a bottom-up approach to illustrate more stories and experiences of everyday women by primarily relying on oral sources.

In addition, I want to look into how urban women workers in the informal sector have contributed to Addis Ababa’s socio-economic growth from the city’s early years and examine the complex relationships that women have with their families and the urban community. Moreover, the study will investigate the spatial issues and social exclusion that women potters and weavers have experienced in the city vis-a-vis government policies and initiatives aimed at improving their lot under various regimes. Lastly, it aims to reveal how women participate in the production process of weaving and pottery, how their products are marketed, and how they make a living.

The Women at Work Project excites me because it offers a fantastic chance to work with other academics and students to conduct innovative research on urban labour and gender history. I do not doubt that the team working on this research will be able to accomplish seminal work in women’s urban working lives in Africa. I am confident that our effort will achieve the project’s intended objectives and become a groundbreaking study for further academic work.

 

A Wolayta woman from Addis Ababa 1928, photo by Marcel Griaule (Source: Twitter/X)

Call for Proposals Now Open!

We are thrilled to announce the call for proposals for the Summer School organized by Womatwork in Addis Ababa in 2024!

About the Funding: Each selected proposal will receive a grant of approximately 1000 euros, tailored to support your fieldwork research (dispensed in local currency).

Project Themes: Our call is linked to the overarching themes of Womatwork project theme. We encourage proposals that contribute to a deeper understanding of it.

Presentation at the Addis Ababa Summer School: The culmination of your research will find a spotlight at the Summer School scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in October 2024. This event provides a platform to share your insights, engage in meaningful discussions, and connect with fellow researchers and scholars from around the globe.

For more information and to submit your proposal follow this link!

Researching dressmaking in Ghana: welcome Juliet Tiwaah Adu Boahen in the Womatwork project!

Hello everyone!

I am Juliet Tiwaah Adu Boahen, a young historian from Ghana who takes an interest in women and children’s health and educational history, from colonial and early post-colonial Ghana. I obtained my bachelor’s degree from the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana, in 2017, where I studied History with Geography Education. In 2020, I obtained a Master of Philosophy in History Education from the University of Education, Winneba, a joint program with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. My MPhil thesis title was “Malnutrition, Maternal and Infant Mortality and the Making of Domesticity in Gold Coast and Ghana, 1920-1966”. There I examined how the colonial governments in the Gold Coast envisaged the teaching of Domestic Science in schools and its incorporation into the school curriculum would help control malnutrition. With this, I identified the colonial and the first post-colonial government’s health and educational measures used to prevent malnutrition and how these measures unintendedly, made the home a place for mothers and women. Thanks to my master’s thesis research I published in 2023 the essay ‘Female Education and Domesticity in the Gold Coast and Ghana, 1920-1966′ in the book “Education in Ghana: History and Politics” published by Langaa Research & Publishing CIG, Bamenda.

Being passionate about teaching history and my desire to gain additional knowledge and skills in the writing and teaching of African history, I was motivated to pursue a PhD. I developed an interest in the Wom@work project because of the specification on using history to tell the stories of working women. Therefore, I intend to situate my project within the broader theme of the Wom@work project, to explore how female dressmakers, from 1919 to 1970, contributed to the growth and development of both the colonial and post-colonial economies through their sartorial skills.

In this project, I intend to work on women and the dressmaking profession to ascertain whether the sewing machine offered a symbolic meaning or some form of social security to women in the Gold Coast and Ghana. Interestingly, in 2019, when one of my younger sisters had completed university and was awaiting graduation, she discussed with me her dream to combine professional teaching with dressmaking. It sounded mirthful. However, I was fascinated by her explanations of how she can use her leisure time and holidays to make dresses for people to generate additional income. Then, also, in February 2023, when one of my friends was getting married, her father requested a Singer sewing machine as part of her dowry. We found it amusing as friends made jokes because we did not understand why her father was asking for a sewing machine for a professional teacher and not anything in relation to her career. Upon second thought, I realised my grandmother, a farmer, had a sewing machine, and my aunt, whom I lived with, had also a sewing machine, although she was a professional teacher.

The connections from these personal encounters aroused my interest when I read about the theme for this PhD project. Through observation, I became aware of the fact that most parents and guardians request sewing machines for their daughters as part of their dowries in Southern Ghana. If my 95-year-old grandmother had hers when getting married, there must be a historical connection with women, sewing machines, and work in the Gold Coast and Ghana. I seek to use this project to investigate the past and discover how dressmaking became a predominantly female profession and found its way into Ghanaian culture.

Looking back before colonial rule, tailors were predominantly men. However, the first wave of missionaries’ education for young women and its focus on dressmaking and other domestic science subjects influenced a lot of women to become dressmakers. Despite the formal training women received in missionary schools like Mmofraturo in Kumasi, the informal training system, known as apprenticeship, also existed. Apart from the financial gains women derived from being dressmakers, they also gained social recognition. Affirming this, Jean Allman in her article, “Making Mothers: Missionaries, Medical Officers and Women’s Work in Colonial Asante, 1924 -1945”, published in 1994, uses the case of Mary Anokye, a princess of Tafo who received training in Mmofraturo to become a professional dressmaker, also had the opportunity to marry a catechist.

Despite dressmaking being a popular urban profession for women in colonial and post-colonial times, female dressmakers are often understudied. I seek to historicise female dressmakers within the broader context of urban professions in both the colonial and post-colonial settings to tease out how dressmaking shaped women’s lives. To do this, I will first trace a history of dressmaking in the context of urban working-class women and female labour on the Gold Coast. I will also explore the working ethos, system of pricing, values, environment, and professionalism in dressmaking during colonial and post-colonial Ghana, explore how dressmakers influenced politics and nationalism through their sartorial skills, examine the influence of urbanisation and globalisation on dressmaking in the colonial and post-colonial epochs and then analyse the cultural, economic and social impacts of dressmaking on women in colonial and post-colonial times.

Through this project, I look forward to learning new methodologies and perspectives on African history to help conduct research on women and children in the future. I extend my greetings to all project members and wish you the best of luck as we begin this task.

Source: Central Office of Information, Needlework Lesson in Gold Coast, 1942-1964. Reference: INF 10/121(29) Retrieved online on 6 December 2023.